Therapeutic Applications

Ahadi M, Ebrahimi A, Abbasi A, Matkarimov AK. An Overview of the Therapeutic Applications of Tinted Lenses Spectacles. Korean J Ophthalmol. 2025 Dec;39(6):550-565. doi: 10.3341/kjo.2025.0077. Epub 2025 Sep 16. PMID: 40955001; PMCID: PMC12718731.

Visual Discomfort

Hine TJ, White YBZ. Pattern-Induced Visual Discomfort and Anxiety in Migraineurs: Their Relationship and the Effect of Colour. Vision (Basel). 2021 Dec 24;6(1):1. doi: 10.3390/vision6010001. PMID: 35076617; PMCID: PMC8788433.

Coles-Brennan C, Sulley A, Young G. Management of digital eye strain. Clin Exp Optom. 2019 Jan;102(1):18-29. doi: 10.1111/cxo.12798. Epub 2018 May 23. PMID: 29797453.

Visual Stress

Wilkins AJ. A neurological basis for visual stress and its treatment with coloured filters. Vision Res. 2025 Jun;231:108615. doi: 10.1016/j.visres.2025.108615. Epub 2025 Apr 29. PMID: 40305941.

Suttle CM, Conway ML. Efficacy of coloured lenses for patients diagnosed with visual stress. Clin Exp Optom. 2025 Jan;108(1):72-78. doi: 10.1080/08164622.2024.2302822. Epub 2024 Jun 6. PMID: 38844079.

Reading

O’Connor PD, Sofo F, Kendall L, Olsen G. Reading disabilities and the effects of colored filters. J Learn Disabil. 1990 Dec;23(10):597-603, 620. doi: 10.1177/002221949002301006. PMID: 2280167.

Harries P, Hall R, Ray N, Stein J. Using coloured filters to reduce the symptoms of visual stress in children with reading delay. Scand J Occup Ther. 2015 Mar;22(2):153-60. doi: 10.3109/11038128.2014.989903. Epub 2015 Jan 12. PMID: 25581284.

Hall R, Ray N, Harries P, Stein J. A comparison of two-coloured filter systems for treating visual reading difficulties. Disabil Rehabil. 2013;35(26):2221-6. doi: 10.3109/09638288.2013.774440. Epub 2013 Apr 29. PMID: 23627538; PMCID: PMC3862071.

Dyslexia

Evans BJ, Allen PM. Coloured filters may reduce symptoms of dyslexia in those with visual stress. BMJ. 2014 Sep 30;349:g5882. doi: 10.1136/bmj.g5882. PMID: 25270286.

Migraine/Headache

Huang J, Zong X, Wilkins A, Jenkins B, Bozoki A, Cao Y. fMRI evidence that precision ophthalmic tints reduce cortical hyper activation in migraine. Cephalalgia. 2011 Jun;31(8):925-36. doi: 10.1177/0333102411409076. Epub 2011 May 26. PMID: 21622479; PMCID: PMC3132147.

Maclachlan A, Yale S, Wilkins A. Open trial of subjective precision tinting: a follow-up of 55 patients. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 1993 Apr;13(2):175-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-1313.1993.tb00448.x. PMID: 8265152.

Hine TJ, White YBZ. Pattern-Induced Visual Discomfort and Anxiety in Migraineurs: Their Relationship and the Effect of Colour. Vision (Basel). 2021 Dec 24;6(1):1. doi: 10.3390/vision6010001. PMID: 35076617; PMCID: PMC8788433.

Good PA, Taylor RH, Mortimer MJ. The use of tinted glasses in childhood migraine. Headache. 1991 Sep;31(8):533-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.1991.hed3108533.x. PMID: 1960058.

Evans BJ, Patel R, Wilkins AJ. Optometric function in visually sensitive migraine before and after treatment with tinted spectacles. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2002 Mar;22(2):130-42. doi: 10.1046/j.1475-1313.2002.00017.x. PMID: 12014487.

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)

Bansal S, Green K. Application of colored filters in patients post-traumatic brain injury: A review. NeuroRehabilitation. 2022;50(3):321-330. doi: 10.3233/NRE-228015. PMID: 35342057.

Fimreite V, Willeford KT, Ciuffreda KJ. Effect of chromatic filters on visual performance in individuals with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI): A pilot study. J Optom. 2016 Oct-Dec;9(4):231-9. doi: 10.1016/j.optom.2016.04.004. Epub 2016 May 30. PMID: 27257034; PMCID: PMC5030322.

Good PA, Taylor RH, Mortimer MJ. The use of tinted glasses in childhood migraine. Headache. 1991 Sep;31(8):533-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.1991.hed3108533.x. PMID: 1960058.